Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Peripheral Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Precursor Regulates Pain as an Inflammatory Mediator

doi: 10.1038/srep27171

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Representative Western blot (a) and their semi-quantitative analyses of mature BDNF (b), proBDNF (c) and their ratio (d) in the local tissue after 10 μL 5% formalin intra-plantar injection into Kunming mice (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus control, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison post hoc test, n = 3 per group). ( B ) H&E staining (a and d) and immunohistochemsitry (b,c and e–g) of proBDNF in the foot skin at 3 h post-formalin injection. proBDNF is expressed in the epidermis, basal layer and subcutaneous layers in the foot skin (b,c); Higher magnification (box in b) showing proBDNF is also mildly expressed in the nerve fibers in the control plantar (c); Responding to peripheral inflammation by 5% formalin intra-plantar injection, intensive proBDNF immunoreactivity is observed and mainly localized in the inflammatory cells (f, black arrows) and nerve fiber-like structures (g). Scale bars: 50 μm, 3 replicates, n = 3 per group. ( C ) a, Representative Western blot of proBDNF and mBDNF; b–d, Semi-quantitative analyses of mBDNF, proBDNF and their ratio in the inflamed tissue after Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA, 10 μL) intra-plantar injection into Kunming mice (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01versus control, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison post hoc test, n = 3 per group). ( D ) Histological staining (a) and proBDNF immunohistochemistry (b,c) in the plantar at 1 day post-CFA injection; c, higher magnification of box in b showing that proBDNF is highly expressed in the inflammatory cells. Scale bar, 100 μm, 3 replicates, n = 3 per group. Data bars represent mean ± s.e.m.

Article Snippet: For ELISA assay, 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark, USA) were coated with the generated human proBDNF prodomain, and commercial human, rat and mice proBDNF proteins (Alomone Labs, Israel), and human mBDNF (Alomone Labs, Israel) (all at 1 μg/mL with total volume 50 μL) overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: Western Blot, Injection, Control, Comparison, Staining, Adjuvant, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Peripheral Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Precursor Regulates Pain as an Inflammatory Mediator

doi: 10.1038/srep27171

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Dosage effect of exogenous proBDNF protein on PWT by injection of proBDNF protein into the plantar (*P < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus baseline, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison post hoc test, n = 10–12 per group). ( B ) Ectopic overexpression of proBDNF by intra-plantar injection of Ad-proBDNF or Ad-EGFP reduces PWT dramatically in Kunming mice. (a) Representative proBDNF Western blot (upper panel) and its semi-quantitative analysis (lower panel, *P < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 versus control, ### p < 0.001 versus indicated groups, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison post hoc test, n = 4 per group); (b) Representative fluorescent images after delivery of Ad-EGFP . Scale bar, 50 μm, 3 replicates, n = 3 per group; (c) PWT at 7 days post-injection of Ad-proBDNF or Ad-EGFP control (***p < 0.001 versus Ad-EGFP , student’s t test, n = 7 per group). ( C ) Co-injection of proBDNF (0.1 μg), but not mBDNF (0.1 μg) restored the biphasic nociceptive response after low-concentration of formalin (0.5%) intra-plantar injection (*p < 0.05versus vehicle, two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s Multiple Comparison post hoc test, n = 10–12 per group). ( D ) Exogenous proBDNF (1 μg) intra-plantar injection induces ERK activation in the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn at 3 h post-injection, Scale bar, 50 μm, n = 3 per group, 3 replicates. ( E ) Spinal p-ERK expression at 3 h after proBDNF (1 μg) intra-plantar injection. (a) Representative Western blot and (b,c) their semi-quantitative analyses of p-ERK, (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus proBDNF-R, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison post hoc test, n = 3 per group). Data bars represent mean ± s.e.m.

Article Snippet: For ELISA assay, 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark, USA) were coated with the generated human proBDNF prodomain, and commercial human, rat and mice proBDNF proteins (Alomone Labs, Israel), and human mBDNF (Alomone Labs, Israel) (all at 1 μg/mL with total volume 50 μL) overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: Injection, Comparison, Over Expression, Western Blot, Control, Concentration Assay, Activation Assay, Expressing

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Peripheral Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Precursor Regulates Pain as an Inflammatory Mediator

doi: 10.1038/srep27171

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) ELISA assay for the immunoreactivity of 2B11 against human proBDNF prodomain, and human, rat and mice proBDNF proteins, and human mature BDNF (mBDNF). 2B11 has strong immunoreactivity against proBDNF and prodomain, but not mBDNF; ( B ) Representative Western blot of human proBDNF and mBDNF detected by 2B11 (dilution 1:2000), note that 2B11 specifically recognizes proBDNF, but not mBDNF. ( C ) Representative images of neurosphere radiant migration treated by proBDNF, mBDNF, sheep polyclonal anti-proBDNF antibody, mouse monoclonal anti-proBDNF antibody 2B11 and co-treatment. ( D ) Statistical analysis of neurosphere migration radiance assay (***P < 0.001 versus control, # p < 0.05 versus indicated group, one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison post hoc test). Neurospheres treated with proBDNF (100 ng/mL) showed dormancy without any neuronal migration and neurospheres had no morphological changes. Neurospheres treated with 2B11 (100 ng/ml) showed strong migration capability comparing with other groups. Neurospheres treated with 2B11 and proBDNF (100 ng/ml) showed similar ability of migration with sheep anti-proBDNF antibody treatment group.

Article Snippet: For ELISA assay, 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark, USA) were coated with the generated human proBDNF prodomain, and commercial human, rat and mice proBDNF proteins (Alomone Labs, Israel), and human mBDNF (Alomone Labs, Israel) (all at 1 μg/mL with total volume 50 μL) overnight at 4 °C.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Migration, Control, Comparison